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FAR's & You
   
The following contains many of the FAR's that impart have to do with your job as a flight attendant. Everyday on flights we are responsible for not breaking the FAR's that pertain to flight attendants.
The following information is long and not the most interesting reading for most people. Nevertheless, it is very informative and does affect us, on each and every flight we work.
I did not edit the FAR's to only show the portion of the FAR that pertains to flight attendants but rather included many of the FAR's in there entirety that mentioned anything to do with flight attendants.
As a reminder this is not a complete list of FAR's that pertain to flight attendants but a large number of them.
Remember that you can be fined $1,100 per incident per day for breaking any FARs.
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Part 121 FAR's
FAR Part 121 including Amendment 121-275 as published
in the Federal Register April 25, 2000.
Sec. 121.308 Lavatory fire protection.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section, no person
may operate a passenger-carrying airplane unless each lavatory in the
airplane is equipped with a smoke detector system or equivalent that provides
a warning light in the cockpit or provides a warning light or audio warning
in the passenger cabin which would be readily detected by a flight attendant,
taking into consideration the positioning of flight attendants throughout the
passenger compartment during various phases of flight.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may
operate a passenger-carrying airplane unless each lavatory in the airplane is
equipped with a built-in fire extinguisher for each disposal receptacle for
towels, paper, or waste located within the lavatory. The built-in fire
extinguisher must be designed to discharge automatically into each disposal
receptacle upon occurrence of a fire in the receptacle.
(c) Until December 22, 1997, a certificate holder described in Sec.
121.2(a) (1) or (2) may operate an airplane with a passenger seat
configuration of 30 or fewer seats that does not comply with the smoke
detector system requirements described in paragraph (a) of this section and
the fire extinguisher requirements described in paragraph (b) of this
section.
(d) After December 22, 1997, no person may operate a nontransport category
airplane type certificated after December 31, 1964, with a passenger seat
configuration of 10-19 seats unless that airplane complies with the smoke
detector system requirements described in paragraph (a) of this section,
except that the smoke detector system or equivalent must provide a warning
light in the cockpit or an audio warning that would be readily detected by
the flightcrew.
[Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65929, Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.309 Emergency equipment.
(a) General: No person may operate an airplane unless it is equipped with
the emergency equipment listed in this section and in Sec. 121.310.
(b) Each item of emergency and flotation equipment listed in this section
and in Secs. 121.310, 121.339, and 121.340--
(1) Must be inspected regularly in accordance with inspection periods
established in the operations specifications to ensure its condition for
continued serviceability and immediate readiness to perform its intended
emergency purposes;
(2) Must be readily accessible to the crew and, with regard to equipment
located in the passenger compartment, to passengers;
(3) Must be clearly identified and clearly marked to indicate its method of
operation; and
(4) When carried in a compartment or container, must be carried in a
compartment or container marked as to contents and the compartment or
container, or the item itself, must be marked as to date of last inspection.
(c) Hand fire extinguishers for crew, passenger, cargo, and galley
compartments. Hand fire extinguishers of an approved type must be provided
for use in crew, passenger, cargo, and galley compartments in accordance with
the following:
(1) The type and quantity of extinguishing agent must be suitable for the
kinds of fires likely to occur in the compartment where the extinguisher is
intended to be used and, for passenger compartments, must be designed to
minimize the hazard of toxic gas concentrations.
(2) Cargo compartments. At least one hand fire extinguisher must be
conveniently located for use in each class E cargo compartment that is
accessible to crewmembers during flight.
(3) Galley compartments. At least one hand fire extinguisher must be
conveniently located for use in each galley located in a compartment other
than a passenger, cargo, or crew compartment.
(4) Flightcrew compartment. At least one hand fire extinguisher must be
conveniently located on the flight deck for use by the flightcrew.
(5) Passenger compartments. Hand fire extinguishers for use in passenger
compartments must be conveniently located and, when two or more are required,
uniformly distributed throughout each compartment. Hand fire extinguishers
shall be provided in passenger compartments as follows:
(i) For airplanes having passenger seats accommodating more than 6 but
fewer than 31 passengers, at least one.
(ii) For airplanes having passenger seats accommodating more than 30 but
fewer than 61 pasngers, at least two.
(iii) For airplanes having passenger seats accommodating more than 60
passengers, there must be at least the following number of hand fire
extinguishers:
Minimum Number of Hand Fire
Extinguishers
Passenger seating accommodations:
61 through 200 3
201 through 300 4
301 through 400 5
401 through 500 6
501 through 600 7
601 or more 8
(6) Notwithstanding the requirement for uniform distribution of hand fire
extinguishers as prescribed in paragraph (c)(5) of this section, for those
cases where a galley is located in a passenger compartment, at least one hand
fire extinguisher must be conveniently located and easily accessible for use
in the galley.
(7) At least two of the required hand fire extinguisher installed in
passenger-carrying airplanes must contain Halon 1211
(bromochlorofluoromethane) or equivalent as the extinguishing agent. At least
one hand fire extinguisher in the passenger compartment must contain Halon
1211 or equivalent.
(d) First aid and emergency medical equipment and protective gloves. (1)
For treatment of injuries or medical emergencies that might occur during
flight time or in minor accidents each passenger-carrying airplane must have
the following equipment that meets the specifications and requirements of
appendix A of this part:
(i) Approved first aid kits; and
(ii) In airplanes for which a flight attendant is required, an emergency
medical kit.
(2) Pairs of protective latex gloves, or equivalent nonpermeable gloves,
equal in number to the number of first aid kits on board the aircraft. These
gloves must be distributed as evenly as practicable throughout the cabin of
the aircraft.
(e) Crash ax. Except for nontransport category airplanes type certificated
after December 31, 1964, each airplane must be equipped with a crash ax.
(f) Megaphones. Each passenger-carrying airplane must have a portable
battery-powered megaphone or megaphones readily accessible to the crewmembers
assigned to direct emergency evacuation, installed as follows:
(1) One megaphone on each airplane with a seating capacity of more than 60
and less than 100 passengers, at the most rearward location in the passenger
cabin where it would be readily accessible to a normal flight attendant seat.
However, the Administrator may grant a deviation from the requirements of
this subparagraph if he finds that a different location would be more useful
for evacuation of persons during an emergency.
(2) Two megaphones in the passenger cabin on each airplane with a seating
capacity of more than 99 passengers, one installed at the forward end and the
other at the most rearward location where it would be readily accessible to a
normal flight attendant seat.
[Doc. No. 6258, 29 FR 19205, Dec. 31, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 121-30, 32 FR
13267, Sept. 20, 1967; Amdt. 121-48, 34 FR 11489, July 11, 1969; Amdt. 121-
106, 38 FR 22377, Aug. 20, 1973; Amdt. 121-185, 50 FR 12733, Mar. 29, 1985;
50 FR 14373, Apr. 12, 1985; Amdt. 121-188, 51 FR 1223, Jan. 9, 1986; Amdt.
121-230, 57 FR 42672, Sept. 15, 1992; Amdt. 121-242, 59 FR 52642, Oct. 18,
1994; 59 FR 55208, Nov. 4, 1994; Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65930, Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.310 Additional emergency equipment.
(a) Means for emergency evacuation. Each passenger-carrying landplane
emergency exit (other than over-the-wing) that is more than 6 feet from the
ground with the airplane on the ground and the landing gear extended, must
have an approved means to assist the occupants in descending to the ground.
The assisting means for a floor-level emergency exit must meet the
requirements of Sec. 25.809(f)(1) of this chapter in effect on April 30,
1972, except that, for any airplane for which the application for the type
certificate was filed after that date, it must meet the requirements under
which the airplane was type certificated. An assisting means that deploys
automatically must be armed during taxiing, takeoffs, and landings. However,
if the Administrator finds that the design of the exit makes compliance
impractical, he may grant a deviation from the requirement of automatic
deployment if the assisting means automatically erects upon deployment and,
with respect to required emergency exits, if an emergency evacuation
demonstration is conducted in accordance with Sec. 121.291(a). This paragraph
does not apply to the rear window emergency exit of DC-3 airplanes operated
with less than 36 occupants, including crewmembers and less than five exits
authorized for passenger use.
(b) Interior emergency exit marking. The following must be complied with
for each passenger-carrying airplane:
(1) Each passenger emergency exit, its means of access, and its means of
opening must be conspicuously marked. The identity and location of each
passenger emergency exit must be recognizable from a distance equal to the
width of the cabin. The location of each passenger emergency exit must be
indicated by a sign visible to occupants approaching along the main passenger
aisle. There must be a locating sign--
(i) Above the aisle near each over-the-wing passenger emergency exit, or at
another ceiling location if it is more practical because of low headroom;
(ii) Next to each floor level passenger emergency exit, except that one
sign may serve two such exits if they both can be seen readily from that
sign; and
(iii) On each bulkhead or divider that prevents fore and aft vision along
the passenger cabin, to indicate emergency exits beyond and obscured by it,
except that if this is not possible the sign may be placed at another
appropriate location.
(2) Each passenger emergency exit marking and each locating sign must meet
the following:
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section, for an
airplane for which the application for the type certificate was filed prior
to May 1, 1972, each passenger emergency exit marking and each locating sign
must be manufactured to meet the requirements of Sec. 25.812(b) of this
chapter in effect on April 30, 1972. On these airplanes, no sign may continue
to be used if its luminescence (brightness) decreases to below 100
microlamberts. The colors may be reversed if it increases the emergency
illumination of the passenger compartment. However, the Administrator may
authorize deviation from the 2-inch background requirements if he finds that
special circumstances exist that make compliance impractical and that the
proposed deviation provides an equivalent level of safety.
(ii) For a transport category airplane for which the application for the
type certificate was filed on or after May 1, 1972, each passenger emergency
exit marking and each locating sign must be manufactured to meet the interior
emergency exit marking requirements under which the airplane was type
certificated. On these airplanes, no sign may continue to be used if its
luminescence (brightness) decreases to below 250 microlamberts.
(iii) For a nontransport category turbopropeller powered airplane type
certificated after December 31, 1964, each passenger emergency exit marking
and each locating sign must be manufactured to meet the requirements of Sec.
23.811(b) of this chapter. On these airplanes, no sign may continue to be
used if its luminescence (brightness) decreases to below 100 microlamberts.
(c) Lighting for interior emergency exit markings. Except for nontransport
category airplanes type certificated after December 31, 1964, each passenger-
carrying airplane must have an emergency lighting system, independent of the
main lighting system. However, sources of general cabin illumination may be
common to both the emergency and the main lighting systems if the power
supply to the emergency lighting system is independent of the power supply to
the main lighting system.
The emergency lighting system must--
(1) Illuminate each passenger exit marking and locating sign;
(2) Provide enough general lighting in the passenger cabin so that the
average illumination when measured at 40-inch intervals at seat armrest
height, on the centerline of the main passenger aisle, is at least 0.05 foot-
candles; and
(3) For airplanes type certificated after January 1, 1958, after November
26, 1986, include floor proximity emergency escape path marking which meets
the requirements of Sec. 25.812(e) of this chapter in effect on November 26,
1984.
(d) Emergency light operation. Except for lights forming part of emergency
lighting subsystems provided in compliance with Sec. 25.812(h) of this
chapter (as prescribed in paragraph (h) of this section) that serve no more
than one assist means, are independent of the airplane's main emergency
lighting systems, and are automatically activated when the assist means is
deployed, each light required by paragraphs (c) and (h) of this section must
comply with the following:
(1) Each light must--
(i) Be operable manually both from the flightcrew station and, for
airplanes on which a flight attendant is required, from a point in the
passenger compartment that is readily accessible to a normal flight attendant
seat;
(ii) Have a means to prevent inadvertent operation of the manual controls;
and
(iii) When armed or turned on at either station, remain lighted or become
lighted upon interruption of the airplane's normal electric power.
(2) Each light must be armed or turned on during taxiing, takeoff, and
landing. In showing compliance with this paragraph a transverse vertical
separation of the fuselage need not be considered.
(3) Each light must provide the required level of illumination for at least
10 minutes at the critical ambient conditions after emergency landing.
(4) Each light must have a cockpit control device that has an "on," "off,"
and "armed" position.
(e) Emergency exit operating handles. (1) For a passenger-carrying airplane
for which the application for the type certificate was filed prior to May 1,
1972, the location of each passenger emergency exit operating handle, and
instructions for opening the exit, must be shown by a marking on or near the
exit that is readable from a distance of 30 inches. In addition, for each
Type I and Type II emergency exit with a locking mechanism released by rotary
motion of the handle, the instructions for opening must be shown by--
(i) A red arrow with a shaft at least three-fourths inch wide and a head
twice the width of the shaft, extending along at least 70 deg. of arc at a
radius approximately equal to three-fourths of the handle length; and
(ii) The word "open" in red letters 1 inch high placed horizontally near
the head of the arrow.
(2) For a passenger-carrying airplane for which the application for the
type certificate was filed on or after May 1, 1972, the location of each
passenger emergency exit operating handle and instructions for opening the
exit must be shown in accordance with the requirements under which the
airplane was type certificated. On these airplanes, no operating handle or
operating handle cover may continue to be used if its luminescence
(brightness) decreases to below 100 microlamberts.
(f) Emergency exit access. Access to emergency exits must be provided as
follows for each passenger-carrying transport category airplane:
(1) Each passage way between individual passenger areas, or leading to a
Type I or Type II emergency exit, must be unobstructed and at least 20 inches
wide.
(2) There must be enough space next to each Type I or Type II emergency
exit to allow a crewmember to assist in the evacuation of passengers without
reducing the unobstructed width of the passageway below that required in
paragraph (f)(1) of this section. However the Administrator may authorize
deviation from this requirement for an airplane certificated under the
provisions of Part 4b of the Civil Air Regulations in effect before December
20, 1951, if he finds that special circumstances exist that provide an
equivalent level of safety.
(3) There must be access from the main aisle to each Type III and Type IV
exit. The access from the aisle to these exits must not be obstructed by
seats, berths, or other protrusions in a manner that would reduce the
effectiveness of the exit. In addition--
(i) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was
filed prior to May 1, 1972, the access must meet the requirements of Sec.
25.813(c) of this chapter in effect on April 30, 1972; and
(ii) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was
filed on or after May 1, 1972, the access must meet the emergency exit access
requirements under which the airplane was type certificated; except that,
(iii) After December 3, 1992, the access for an airplane type certificated
after January 1, 1958, must meet the requirements of Sec. 25.813(c) of this
chapter, effective June 3, 1992.
(iv) Contrary provisions of this section notwithstanding, the Manager of
the Transport Airplane Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service, Federal
Aviation Administration, may authorize deviation from the requirements of
paragraph (f)(3)(iii) of this section if it is determined that special
circumstances make compliance impractical. Such special circumstances
include, but are not limited to, the following conditions when they preclude
achieving compliance with Sec. 25.813(c)(1)(i) or (ii) without a reduction in
the total number of passenger seats: emergency exits located in close
proximity to each other; fixed installations such as lavatories, galleys,
etc.; permanently mounted bulkheads; an insufficient number of rows ahead of
or behind the exit to enable compliance without a reduction in the seat row
pitch of more than one inch; or an insufficient number of such rows to enable
compliance without a reduction in the seat row pitch to less than 30 inches.
A request for such grant of deviation must include credible reasons as to why
literal compliance with Sec. 25.813(c)(1)(i) or (ii) is impractical and a
description of the steps taken to achieve a level of safety as close to that
intended by Sec. 25.813(c)(1)(i) or (ii) as is practical.
(v) The Manager of the Transport Airplane Directorate, Aircraft
Certification Service, Federal Aviation Administration, may also authorize a
compliance date later than December 3, 1992, if it is determined that special
circumstances make compliance by that date impractical. A request for such
grant of deviation must outline the airplanes for which compliance will be
achieved by December 3, 1992, and include a proposed schedule for incremental
compliance of the remaining airplanes in the operator's fleet. In addition,
the request must include credible reasons why compliance cannot be achieved
earlier.
(4) If it is necessary to pass through a passageway between passenger
compartments to reach any required emergency exit from any seat in the
passenger cabin, the passageway must not be obstructed. However, curtains may
be used if they allow free entry through the passageway.
(5) No door may be installed in any partition between passenger
compartments.
(6) If it is necessary to pass through a doorway separating the passenger
cabin from other areas to reach required emergency exit from any passenger
seat, the door must have a means to latch it in open position, and the door
must be latched open during each takeoff and landing. The latching means must
be able to withstand the loads imposed upon it when the door is subjected to
the ultimate inertia forces, relative to the surrounding structure, listed in
Sec. 25.561(b) of this chapter.
(g) Exterior exit markings. Each passenger emergency exit and the means of
opening that exit from the outside must be marked on the outside of the
airplane. There must be a 2-inch colored band outlining each passenger
emergency exit on the side of the fuselage. Each outside marking, including
the band, must be readily distinguishable from the surrounding fuselage area
by contrast in color. The markings must comply with the following:
(1) If the reflectance of the darker color is 15 percent or less, the
reflectance of the lighter color must be at least 45 percent.
(2) If the reflectance of the darker color is greater than 15 percent, at
least a 30 percent difference between its reflectance and the reflectance of
the lighter color must be provided.
(3) Exits that are not in the side of the fuselage must have the external
means of opening and applicable instructions marked conspicuously in red or,
if red is inconspicuous against the background color, in bright chrome yellow
and, when the opening means for such an exit is located on only one side of
the fuselage, a conspicuous marking to that effect must be provided on the
other side. "Reflectance" is the ratio of the luminous flux reflected by a
body to the luminous flux it receives.
(h) Exterior emergency lighting and escape route.
(1) Except for nontransport category airplanes certificated after December
31, 1964, each passenger-carrying airplane must be equipped with exterior
lighting that meets the following requirements:
(i) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was
filed prior to May 1, 1972, the requirements of Sec. 25.812 (f) and (g) of
this chapter in effect on April 30, 1972.
(ii) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was
filed on or after May 1, 1972, the exterior emergency lighting requirements
under which the airplane was type certificated.
(2) Each passenger-carrying airplane must be equipped with a slip-resistant
escape route that meets the following requirements:
(i) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was
filed prior to May 1, 1972, the requirements of Sec. 25.803(e) of this
chapter in effect on April 30, 1972.
(ii) For an airplane for which the application for the type certificate was
filed on or after May 1, 1972, the slip-resistant escape route requirements
under which the airplane was type certificated.
(i) Floor level exits. Each floor level door or exit in the side of the
fuselage (other than those leading into a cargo or baggage compartment that
is not accessible from the passenger cabin) that is 44 or more inches high
and 20 or more inches wide, but not wider than 46 inches, each passenger
ventral exit (except the ventral exits on M-404 and CV-240 airplanes), and
each tail cone exit, must meet the requirements of this section for floor
level emergency exits. However, the Administrator may grant a deviation from
this paragraph if he finds that circumstances make full compliance
impractical and that an acceptable level of safety has been achieved.
(j) Additional emergency exits. Approved emergency exits in the passenger
compartments that are in excess of the minimum number of required emergency
exits must meet all of the applicable provisions of this section except
paragraphs (f)(1), (2), and (3) of this section and must be readily
accessible.
(k) On each large passenger-carrying turbojet-powered airplane, each
ventral exit and tailcone exit must be--
(1) Designed and constructed so that it cannot be opened during flight; and
(2) Marked with a placard readable from a distance of 30 inches and
installed at a conspicuous location near the means of opening the exit,
stating that the exit has been designed and constructed so that it cannot be
opened during flight.
(l) Portable lights. No person may operate a passenger-carrying airplane
unless it is equipped with flashlight stowage provisions accessible from each
flight attendant seat.
[Amdt. 121-2, 30 FR 3205, Mar. 9, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 121-20, 31 FR
8912, June 28, 1966; Amdt. 121-30, 32 FR 13267, Sept. 20, 1967; Amdt. 121-46,
34 FR 5545, Mar. 22, 1969; Amdt. 121-47, 34 FR 11489, July 11, 1969; Amdt.
121-77, 36 FR 16900, Aug. 26, 1971; Amdt. 121-84, 37 FR 3974, Feb. 24, 1972;
Amdt. 121-99, 37 FR 25355, Nov. 30, 1972; Amdt. 121-149, 43 FR 50602, Oct.
30, 1978; Amdt 121-183, 49 FR 43186, Oct. 26, 1984; Amdt. 121-228, 57 FR
19244, May 4, 1992; 57 FR 29120, June 30, 1992; Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65930,
Dec. 20, 1995; Amdt 121-262, 62 FR 13256, Mar. 19, 1997]
Sec. 121.311 Seats, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses.
(a) No person may operate an airplane unless there are available during the
takeoff, en route flight, and landing--
(1) An approved seat or berth for each person on board the airplane who has
reached his second birthday; and
(2) An approved safety belt for separate use by each person on board the
airplane who has reached his second birthday, except that two persons
occupying a berth may share one approved safety belt and two persons
occupying a multiple lounge or divan seat may share one approved safety belt
during en route flight only.
(b) Except as provided in this paragraph, each person on board an airplane
operated under this part shall occupy an approved seat or berth with a
separate safety belt properly secured about him or her during movement on the
surface, takeoff, and landing. A safety belt provided for the occupant of a
seat may not be used by more than one person who has reached his or her
second birthday. Notwithstanding the preceding requirements, a child may:
(1) Be held by an adult who is occupying an approved seat or berth,
provided the child has not reached his or her second birthday and the child
does not occupy or use any restraining device; or
(2) Notwithstanding any other requirement of this chapter, occupy an
approved child restraint system furnished by the certificate holder or one of
the persons described in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, provided:
(i) The child is accompanied by a parent, guardian, or attendant designated
by the child's parent or guardian to attend to the safety of the child during
the flight;
(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D) of this section, the
approved child restraint system bears one or more labels as follows:
(A) Seats manufactured to U.S. standards between January 1, 1981, and
February 25, 1985, must bear the label: "This child restraint system conforms
to all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards.";
(B) Seats manufactured to U.S. standards on or after February 26, 1985,
must bear two labels:
(1) "This child restraint system conforms to all applicable Federal motor
vehicle safety standards"; and
(2) "THIS RESTRAINT IS CERTIFIED FOR USE IN MOTOR VEHICLES AND
AIRCRAFT" in
red lettering;
(C) Seats that do not qualify under paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) and
(b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section must bear either a label showing approval of a
foreign government or a label showing that the seat was manufactured under
the standards of the United Nations;
(D) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this section, booster-type
child restraint systems (as defined in Federal Motor Vehicle Standard No. 213
(49 CFR 571.213)), vest- and harness-type child restraint systems, and lap
held child restraints are not approved for use in aircraft; and
(iii) The certificate holder complies with the following requirements:
(A) The restraint system must be properly secured to an approved forward-
facing seat or berth;
(B) The child must be properly secured in the restraint system and must not
exceed the specified weight limit for the restraint system; and
(C) The restraint system must bear the appropriate label(s).
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, the following
prohibitions apply to certificate holders:
(1) No certificate holder may permit a child, in an aircraft, to occupy a
booster-type child restraint system, a vest-type child restraint system, a
harness-type child restraint system, or a lap held child restraint system
during take off, landing, and movement on the surface.
(2) Except as required in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, no certificate
holder may prohibit a child, if requested by the child's parent, guardian, or
designated attendant, from occupying a child restraint system furnished by
the child's parent, guardian, or designated attendant provided--
(i) The child holds a ticket for an approved seat or berth or such seat or
berth is otherwise made available by the certificate holder for the child's
use;
(ii) The requirements of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section are met;
(iii) The requirements of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section are met;
and
(iv) The child restraint system has one or more of the labels described in
paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) through (b)(2)(ii)(C) of this section.
(3) This section does not prohibit the certificate holder from providing
child restraint systems authorized by this section or, consistent with safe
operating practices, determining the most appropriate passenger seat location
for the child restraint system.
(d) Each sideward facing seat must comply with the applicable
requirements of Sec. 25.785(c) of this chapter.
(e) Except as provided in paragraphs (e)(1) through (e)(3) of this section,
no certificate holder may take off or land an airplane unless each passenger
seat back is in the upright position. Each passenger shall comply with
instructions given by a crewmember in compliance with this paragraph.
(1) This paragraph does not apply to seat backs placed in other than the
upright position in compliance with Sec. 121.310(f)(3).
(2) This paragraph does not apply to seats on which cargo or persons who
are unable to sit erect for a medical reason are carried in accordance with
procedures in the certificate holder's manual if the seat back does not
obstruct any passenger's access to the aisle or to any emergency exit.
(3) On airplanes with no flight attendant, the certificate holder may take
off or land as long as the flightcrew instructs each passenger to place his
or her seat back in the upright position for takeoff and landing.
(f) No person may operate a transport category airplane that was type
certificated after January 1, 1958, or a nontransport category airplane
manufactured after March 20, 1997, unless it is equipped at each flight deck
station with a combined safety belt and shoulder harness that meets the
applicable requirements specified in Sec. 25.785 of this chapter, effective
March 6, 1980, except that--
(1) Shoulder harnesses and combined safety belt and shoulder harnesses that
were approved and installed before March 6, 1980, may continue to be used;
and
(2) Safety belt and shoulder harness restraint systems may be designed to
the inertia load factors established under the certification basis of the
airplane.
(g) Each flight attendant must have a seat for takeoff and landing in the
passenger compartment that meets the requirements of Sec. 25.785 of this
chapter, effective March 6, 1980, except that--
(1) Combined safety belt and shoulder harnesses that were approved and
installed before March, 6, 1980, may continue to be used; and
(2) Safety belt and shoulder harness restraint systems may be designed to
the inertia load factors established under the certification basis of the
airplane.
(3) The requirements of Sec. 25.785(h) do not apply to passenger seats
occupied by flight attendants not required by Sec. 121.391.
(h) Each occupant of a seat equipped with a shoulder harness or with a
combined safety belt and shoulder harness must have the shoulder harness or
combined safety belt and shoulder harness properly secured about that
occupant during takeoff and landing, except that a shoulder harness that is
not combined with a safety belt may be unfastened if the occupant cannot
perform the required duties with the shoulder harness fastened.
(i) At each unoccupied seat, the safety belt and shoulder harness, if
installed, must be secured so as not to interfere with crewmembers in the
performance of their duties or with the rapid egress of occupants in an
emergency.
[Amdt. 121-30, 32 FR 13267, Sept. 20, 1967; as amended by Amdt. 121-41, 33 FR
9067, June 20, 1968; Amdt. 121-75, 36 FR 12512, July 1, 1971; Amdt. 121-133,
42 FR 18394, Apr. 7, 1977; Amdt. 121-155, 45 FR 7756, Feb. 4, 1980; Amdt.
121-170, 46 FR 15482, Mar. 5, 1981; Amdt. 121-177, 47 FR 10516, Mar. 11,
1982; Amdt. 121-230, 57 FR 42673, Sept. 15, 1992; Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65930,
Dec. 20, 1995; Amdt. 121-255, 61 FR 28421, June 4, 1996]
Sec. 121.317 Passenger information.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (l) of this section, no person may
operate an airplane unless it is equipped with passenger information signs
that meet the requirements of Sec. 25.791 of this chapter. Except as provided
in paragraph (l) of this section, the signs must be constructed so that the
crewmembers can turn them on and off.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (l) of this section, the "Fasten Seat
Belt" sign shall be turned on during any movement on the surface, for each
takeoff, for each landing, and at any other time considered necessary by the
pilot in command.
(c) No person may operate an aircraft on a flight segment on which smoking
is prohibited unless the "No Smoking" passenger information signs are lighted
during the entire flight segment, or one or more "No Smoking" placards
meeting the requirements of Sec. 25.1541 are posted during the entire flight
segment. If both the lighted signs and the placards are used, the signs must
remain lighted during the entire flight segment. Smoking is prohibited on
scheduled flight segments:
(1) Between any two points within Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin
Islands, the District of Columbia, or any State of the United States (other
than Alaska or Hawaii) or between any two points in any one of the above-
mentioned jurisdictions (other than Alaska or Hawaii);
(2) Within the State of Alaska or within the State of Hawaii; or
(3) Scheduled in the current Worldwide or North American Edition of the
Official Airline Guide for 6 hours or less in duration and between any point
listed in paragraph (c) (1) of this section and any point in Alaska or
Hawaii, or between any point in Alaska and any point in Hawaii.
(d) No person may operate a passenger-carrying airplane under this part
unless at least one legible sign or placard that reads "Fasten Seat Belt
While Seated" is visible from each passenger seat. These signs or placards
need not meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section.
(e) No person may operate an airplane unless there is installed in each
lavatory a sign or placard that reads: "Federal law provides for a penalty
of up to ,000 for tampering with the smoke detector installed in this
lavatory." These signs or placards need not meet the requirements of
paragraph (a) of this section.
(f) Each passenger required by Sec. 121.311(b) to occupy a seat or berth
shall fasten his or her safety belt about him or her and keep it fastened
while the "Fasten Seat Belt" sign is lighted.
(g) No person may smoke while a "No Smoking" sign is lighted or if "No
Smoking" placards are posted, except that the pilot in command may authorize
smoking on the flight deck except during airplane movement on the surface,
takeoff, or landing.
(h) No person may smoke in any airplane lavatory.
(i) No person may tamper with, disable, or destroy any smoke detector
installed in any airplane lavatory.
(j) On flight segments other than those described in paragraph (c) of this
section, the "No Smoking" sign must be turned on during any movement on the
surface, for each takeoff, for each landing, and at any other time considered
necessary by the pilot in command.
(k) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given him or her by a
crewmember regarding compliance with paragraphs (f), (g), (h), and (l) of
this section.
(l) A certificate holder may operate a nontransport category airplane type
certificated after December 31, 1964, that is manufactured before December
20, 1997, if it is equipped with at least one placard that is legible to each
person seated in the cabin that states "Fasten Seat Belt," and if, during any
movement on the surface, for each takeoff, for each landing, and at any other
time considered necessary by the pilot in command, a crewmember orally
instructs the passengers to fasten their seat belts.
[Doc. No. 25590, Amdt. 121-196, 53 FR 12361, Apr. 13, 1988; 53 FR 44182, Nov.
2, 1988; Amdt. 121-213, 55 FR 8367, Mar. 7, 1990; Amdt. 121-230, 57 FR 42673
Sept. 15, 1992; Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65931, Dec. 20, 1995; Amdt. 121-259, 61
FR 30434, June 14, 1996]
Sec. 121.318 Public address system.
No person may operate an airplane with a seating capacity of more than 19
passengers unless it is equipped with a public address system which--
(a) Is capable of operation independent of the crewmember interphone system
required by Sec. 121.319, except for handsets, headsets, microphones,
selector switches, and signaling devices;
(b) Is approved in accordance with Sec. 21.305 of this chapter;
(c) Is accessible for immediate use from each of two flight crewmember
stations in the pilot compartment;
(d) For each required floor-level passenger emergency exit which has an
adjacent flight attendant seat, has a microphone which is readily accessible
to the seated flight attendant, except that one microphone may serve more
than one exit, provided the proximity of the exits allows unassisted verbal
communication between seated flight attendants;
(e) Is capable of operation within 10 seconds by a flight attendant at each
of those stations in the passenger compartment from which its use is
accessible;
(f) Is audible at all passenger seats, lavatories, and flight attendant
seats and work stations; and
(g) For transport category airplanes manufactured on or after November 27,
1990, meets the requirements of Sec. 25.1423 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 24995, 54 FR 43926, Oct. 27, 1989]
Sec. 121.319 Crewmember interphone system.
(a) No person may operate an airplane with a seating capacity of more than
19 passengers unless the airplane is equipped with a crewmember interphone
system that:
(1) [Reserved]
(2) Is capable of operation independent of the public address system
required by Sec. 121.318(a) except for handsets, headsets, microphones,
selector switches, and signaling devices; and
(3) Meets the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) The crewmember interphone system required by paragraph (a) of this
section must be approved in accordance with Sec. 21.305 of this chapter and
meet the following requirements:
(1) It must provide a means of two-way communication between the pilot
compartment and--
(i) Each passenger compartment; and
(ii) Each galley located on other than the main passenger deck level.
(2) It must be accessible for immediate use from each of two flight
crewmember stations in the pilot compartment;
(3) It must be accessible for use from at least one normal flight attendant
station in each passenger compartment;
(4) It must be capable of operation within 10 seconds by a flight attendant
at those stations in each passenger compartment from which its use is
accessible; and
(5) For large turbojet-powered airplanes:
(i) It must be accessible for use at enough flight attendant stations so
that all floor-level emergency exits (or entryways to those exits in the case
of exits located within galleys) in each passenger compartment are observable
from one or more of those stations so equipped;
(ii) It must have an alerting system incorporating aural or visual signals
for use by flight crewmembers to alert flight attendants and for use by
flight attendants to alert flight crewmembers;
(iii) The alerting system required by paragraph (b)(5)(ii) of this section
must have a means for the recipient of a call to determine whether it is a
normal call or an emergency call; and
(iv) When the airplane is on the ground, it must provide a means of two-way
communication between ground personnel and either of at least two flight
crewmembers in the pilot compartment. The interphone system station for use
by ground personnel must be so located that personnel using the system may
avoid visible detection from within the airplane.
[Doc. No. 10865, Amdt. 121-105, 38 FR 21494, Aug. 9, 1973, as amended by
Amdt. 121-121, 40 FR 42186, Sept. 11, 1975; Amdt. 121-149, 43 FR 50602, Oct.
30, 1978; Amdt. 121-178, 47 FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982; Amdt. 121-253, 61 FR
2611, Jan. 26, 1996]
Sec. 121.321 [Reserved]
Sec. 121.337 Protective breathing equipment.
(a) The certificate holder shall furnish approved protective breathing
equipment (PBE) meeting the equipment, breathing gas, and communication
requirements contained in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) Pressurized and nonpressurized cabin airplanes. Except as provided in
paragraph (f) of this section, no person may operate an airplane unless
protective breathing equipment meeting the requirements of this section is
provided as follows:
(1) General. The equipment must protect the flightcrew from the effects of
smoke, carbon dioxide or other harmful gases or an oxygen deficient
environment caused by other than an airplane depressurization while on flight
deck duty and must protect crewmembers from the above effects while
combatting fires on board the airplane.
(2) The equipment must be inspected regularly in accordance with inspection
guidelines and the inspection periods established by the equipment
manufacturer to ensure its condition for continued serviceability and
immediate readiness to perform its intended emergency purposes. The
inspection periods may be changed upon a showing by the certificate holder
that the changes would provide an equivalent level of safety.
(3) That part of the equipment protecting the eyes must not impair the
wearer's vision to the extent that a crewmember's duties cannot be
accomplished and must allow corrective glasses to be worn without impairment
of vision or loss of the protection required by paragraph (b)(1) of this
section.
(4) The equipment, while in use, must allow the flightcrew to communicate
using the airplane radio equipment and to communicate by interphone with each
other while at their assigned duty stations. The equipment, while in use,
must also allow crewmember interphone communications between each of two
flight crewmember stations in the pilot compartment and at least one normal
flight attendant station in each passenger compartment.
(5) The equipment, while in use, must allow any crewmember to use the
airplane interphone system at any of the flight attendant stations referred
to in paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
(6) The equipment may also be used to meet the supplemental oxygen
requirements of this part provided it meets the oxygen equipment standards of
Sec. 121.335 of this part.
(7) Protective breathing gas duration and supply system equipment
requirements are as follows:
(i) The equipment must supply breathing gas for 15 minutes at a pressure
altitude of 8,000 feet for the following:
(A) Flight crewmembers while performing flight deck duties; and
(B) Crewmembers while combatting an in-flight fire.
(ii) The breathing gas system must be free from hazards in itself, in its
method of operation, and in its effect upon other components.
(iii) For breathing gas systems other than chemical oxygen generators,
there must be a means to allow the crew to readily determine, during the
equipment preflight described in paragraph (c) of this section, that the gas
supply is fully charged.
(iv) For each chemical oxygen generator, the supply system equipment must
meet the requirements of Sec. 25.1450 (b) and (c) of this chapter.
(8) Smoke and fume protection. Protective breathing equipment with a fixed
or portable breathing gas supply meeting the requirements of this section
must be conveniently located on the flight deck and be easily accessible for
immediate use by each required flight crewmember at his or her assigned duty
station.
(9) Fire combatting. Except for nontransport category airplanes type
certificated after December 31, 1964, protective breathing equipment with a
portable breathing gas supply meeting the requirements of this section must
be easily accessible and conveniently located for immediate use by
crewmembers in combatting fires as follows:
(i) One PBE is required for each hand fire extinguisher located for use in
a galley other than a galley located in a passenger, cargo, or crew
compartment.
(ii) One on the flight deck, except that the Administrator may authorize
another location for this PBE if special circumstances exist that make
compliance impractical and the proposed deviation would provide an equivalent
level of safety.
(iii) In each passenger compartment, one for each hand fire extinguisher
required by Sec. 121.309 of this part, to be located within 3 feet of each
required hand fire extinguisher, except that the Administrator may authorize
a deviation allowing locations of PBE more than 3 feet from required hand
fire extinguisher locations if special circumstances exist that make
compliance impractical and if the proposed deviation provides an equivalent
level of safety.
(c) Equipment preflight. (1) Before each flight, each item of PBE at flight
crewmember duty stations must be checked by the flight crewmember who will
use the equipment to ensure that the equipment--
(i) For other than chemical oxygen generator systems, is functioning, is
serviceable, fits properly (unless a universal-fit type), and is connected to
supply terminals and that the breathing gas supply and pressure are adequate
for use; and
(ii) For chemical oxygen generator systems, is serviceable and fits
properly (unless a universal-fit type).
(2) Each item of PBE located at other than a flight crewmember duty station
must be checked by a designated crewmember to ensure that each is properly
stowed and serviceable, and, for other than chemical oxygen generator
systems, the breathing gas supply is fully charged. Each certificate holder,
in its operations manual, must designate at least one crewmember to perform
those checks before he or she takes off in that airplane for his or her first
flight of the day.
[Doc. No. 24792, Amdt. 121-193, 52 FR 20957, June 3, 1987, as amended by
Amdt. 121-204, 54 FR 22271, May 22, 1989; 55 FR 5551, Feb. 15, 1990; Amdt.
121-218, 55 FR 31565, Aug. 2, 1990; Amdt. 121-230, 57 FR 42674, Sept. 15,
1992; Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65932, Dec. 20, 1995; Amdt. 121-261, 61 FR 43921,
Aug. 26, 1996]
Sec. 121.339 Emergency equipment for extended over-water operations.
(a) Except where the Administrator, by amending the operations
specifications of the certificate holder, requires the carriage of all or any
specific items of the equipment listed below for any overwater operation, or
upon application of the certificate holder, the Administrator allows
deviation for a particular extended overwater operation, no person may
operate an airplane in extended overwater operations without having on the
airplane the following equipment:
(1) A life preserver equipped with an approved survivor locator light, for
each occupant of the airplane.
(2) Enough life rafts (each equipped with an approved survivor locator
light) of a rated capacity and buoyancy to accommodate the occupants of the
airplane. Unless excess rafts of enough capacity are provided, the buoyancy
and seating capacity beyond the rated capacity of the rafts must accommodate
all occupants of the airplane in the event of a loss of one raft of the largest
rated capacity.
(3) At least one pyrotechnic signaling device for each life raft.
(4) An approved survival type emergency locator transmitter. Batteries used
in this transmitter must be replaced (or recharged, if the battery is
rechargeable) when the transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative
hour, or when 50 percent of their useful life (or for rechargeable batteries,
50 percent of their useful life of charge) has expired, as established by the
transmitter manufacturer under its approval. The new expiration date for
replacing (or recharging) the battery must be legibly marked on the outside
of the transmitter. The battery useful life (or useful life of charge)
requirements of this paragraph do not apply to batteries (such as water-
activated batteries) that are essentially unaffected during probable storage
intervals.
(b) The required life rafts, life preservers, and survival type emergency
locator transmitter must be easily accessible in the event of a ditching
without appreciable time for preparatory procedures. This equipment must be
installed in conspicuously marked, approved locations.
(c) A survival kit, appropriately equipped for the route to be flown, must
be attached to each required life raft.
[Doc. No. 6258, 29 FR 19205, Dec. 31, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 121-53, 34 FR
15244, Sept. 30, 1969; Amdt. 121-79, 36 FR 18724, Sept. 21, 1971; Amdt. 121-
93, 37 FR 14294, June 19, 1972 Amdt. 121-106, 38 FR 22378, Aug. 20, 1973;
Amdt. 121-149, 43 FR 50603, Oct. 30, 1978; Amdt. 121-158, 45 FR 38348, June
9, 1980; Amdt. 121-239, 59 FR 32057, June 21, 1994; Correction 64 FR 49981,
Sept. 15, 1999]
Sec. 121.340 Emergency flotation means.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may
operate an airplane in any overwater operation unless it is equipped with
life preservers in accordance with Sec. 121.339(a)(1) or with an approved
flotation means for each occupant. This means must be within easy reach of
each seated occupant and must be readily removable from the airplane.
(b) Upon application by the air carrier or commercial operator, the
Administrator may approve the operation of an airplane over water without the
life preservers or flotation means required by paragraph (a) of this section,
if the air carrier or commercial operator shows that the water over which the
airplane is to be operated is not of such size and depth that life preservers
or flotation means would be required for the survival of its occupants in the
event the flight terminates in that water.
[Doc. No. 6713, Amdt. 121-17, 31 FR 1147, Jan. 28, 1966, as amended by Amdt.
121-25, 32 FR 3223, Feb. 24, 1967; Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65932, Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.341 Equipment for operations in icing conditions.
(a) Except as permitted in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, unless an
airplane is type certificated under the transport category airworthiness
requirements relating to ice protection, or unless an airplane is a non-
transport category airplane type certificated after December 31, 1964, that
has the ice protection provisions that meet section 34 of appendix A of part
135 of this chapter, no person may operate an airplane in icing conditions
unless it is equipped with means for the prevention or removal of ice on
windshields, wings, empennage, propellers, and other parts of the airplane
where ice formation will adversely affect the safety of the airplane.
(b) No person may operate an airplane in icing conditions at night unless
means are provided for illuminating or otherwise determining the formation of
ice on the parts of the wings that are critical from the standpoint of ice
accumulation. Any illuminating that is used must be of a type that will not
cause glare or reflection that would handicap crewmembers in the performance
of their duties.
(c) Non-transport category airplanes type certificated after December 31,
1964. Except for an airplane that has ice protection provisions that meet
section 34 of appendix A of part 135 of this chapter, or those for transport
category airplane type certification, no person may operate--
(1) Under IFR into known or forecast light or moderate icing conditions;
(2) Under VFR into known light or moderate icing conditions; unless the
airplane has functioning deicing anti-icing equipment protecting each
propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, and each
airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, or flight attitude instrument system; or
(3) Into known or forecast severe icing conditions.
(d) If current weather reports and briefing information relied upon by the
pilot in command indicate that the forecast icing condition that would
otherwise prohibit the flight will not be encountered during the flight
because of changed weather conditions since the forecast, the restrictions in
paragraph (c) of this section based on forecast conditions do not apply.
[Doc. No. 6258, 29 FR 19205, Dec. 31, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 121-251, 60
FR 65932, Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.342 Pitot heat indication systems.
No person may operate a transport category airplane or, after December 20,
1999, a nontransport category airplane type certificated after December 31,
1964, that is equipped with a flight instrument pitot heating system unless
the airplane is also equipped with an operable pitot heat indication system
that complies Sec. 25.1326 of this chapter in effect on April 12, 1978.
[Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65932, Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.391 Flight attendants.
(a) Each certificate holder shall provide at least the following flight
attendants on each passenger-carrying airplane used:
(1) For airplanes having a maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500
pounds and having a seating capacity of more than 9 but less than 51
passengers--one flight attendant.
(2) For airplanes having a maximum payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or less
and having a seating capacity of more than 19 but less than 51 passengers--
one flight attendant.
(3) For airplanes having a seating capacity of more than 50 but less than
101 passengers--two flight attendants.
(4) For airplanes having a seating capacity of more than 100 passengers--
two flight attendants plus one additional flight attendant for each unit (or
part of a unit) of 50 passenger seats above a seating capacity of 100
passengers.
(b) If, in conducting the emergency evacuation demonstration required under
Sec. 121.291 (a) or (b), the certificate holder used more flight attendants
than is required under paragraph (a) of this section for the maximum seating
capacity of the airplane used in the demonstration, he may not, thereafter,
take off that airplane--
(1) In its maximum seating capacity configuration with fewer flight
attendants than the number used during the emergency evacuation
demonstration; or
(2) In any reduced seating capacity configuration with fewer flight
attendants than the number required by paragraph (a) of this section for that
seating capacity plus the number of flight attendants used during the
emergency evacuation demonstration that were in excess of those required
under paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) The number of flight attendants approved under paragraphs (a) and (b)
of this section are set forth in the certificate holder's operations
specifications.
(d) During takeoff and landing, flight attendants required by this section
shall be located as near as practicable to required floor level exists and
shall be uniformly distributed throughout the airplane in order to provide
the most effective egress of passengers in event of an emergency evacuation.
During taxi, flight attendants required by this section must remain at their
duty stations with safety belts and shoulder harnesses fastened except to
perform duties related to the safety of the airplane and its occupants.
(e) [Reserved]
[Amdt. 121-2, 30 FR 3206, Mar. 9, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 121-30, 32 FR
13268, Sept. 20, 1967; Amdt. 121-46, 34 FR 5545, Mar. 22, 1969; Amdt. 121-84,
37 FR 3975, Feb. 24, 1972; Amdt. 121-88, 37 FR 5606, Mar. 17, 1972; Amdt.
121-159, 45 FR 41593, June 19, 1980; Amdt. 121-176, 46 FR 61454, Dec. 17,
1981; Amdt. 121-180, 47 FR 56463, Dec. 16, 1982; Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65933,
Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.393 Crewmember requirements at stops where passengers remain on
board.
At stops where passengers remain on board, the certificate holder must meet
the following requirements:
(a) On each airplane for which a flight attendant is not required by Sec.
121.391(a), the certificate holder must ensure that a person who is qualified
in the emergency evacuation procedures for the airplane, as required in Sec.
121.417, and who is identified to the passengers, remains:
(1) On board the airplane; or
(2) Nearby the airplane, in a position to adequately monitor passenger
safety, and:
(i) The airplane engines are shut down; and
(ii) At least one floor level exit remains open to provide for the
deplaning of passengers.
(b) On each airplane for which flight attendants are required by Sec.
121.391(a), but the number of flight attendants remaining on board is fewer
than required by Sec. 121.391(a), the certificate holder must meet the
following requirements:
(1) The certificate holder shall ensure that:
(i) The airplane engines are shut down;
(ii) At least one floor level exit remains open to provide for the
deplaning of passengers; and
(iii) the number of flight attendants on board is at least half the number
required by Sec. 121.391(a), rounded down to the next lower number in the
case of fractions, but never fewer than one.
(2) The certificate holder may substitute for the required flight
attendants other persons qualified in the emergency evacuation procedures for
that aircraft as required in Sec. 121.417, if these persons are identified to
the passengers.
(3) If only one flight attendant or other qualified person is on board
during a stop, that flight attendant or other qualified person shall be
located in accordance with the certificate holder's FAA-approved operating
procedures. If more than one flight attendant or other qualified person is on
board, the flight attendants or other qualified persons shall be spaced
throughout the cabin to provide the most effective assistance for the
evacuation in case of an emergency.
[Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR 65934, Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.421 Flight attendants: Initial and transition ground training.
(a) Initial and transition ground training for flight attendants must
include instruction in at least the following:
(1) General subjects--
(i) The authority of the pilot in command;
(ii) Passenger handling, including the procedures to be followed in the
case of deranged persons or other persons whose conduct might jeopardize
safety; and
(iii) Approved crew resource management initial training.
(2) For each airplane type--
(i) A general description of the airplane emphasizing physical
characteristics that may have a bearing on ditching, evacuation, and inflight
emergency procedures and on other related duties;
(ii) The use of both the public address system and the means of
communicating with other flight crewmembers, including emergency means in the
case of attempted hijacking or other unusual situations; and
(iii) Proper use of electrical galley equipment and the controls for cabin
heat and ventilation.
(b) Initial and transition ground training for flight attendants must
include a competence check to determine ability to perform assigned duties
and responsibilities.
(c) Initial ground training for flight attendants must consist of at least
the following programmed hours of instruction in the subjects specified in
paragraph (a) of this section and in Sec. 121.415(a) unless reduced under
Sec. 121.405.
(1) Group I airplanes--
(i) Reciprocating powered, 8 hours; and
(ii) Turbopropeller powered, 8 hours.
(2) Group II airplanes, 16 hours.
[Amdt. 121-55, 35 FR 90, Jan. 3, 1970, as amended at Amdt. 121-250, 60 FR
65949, Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.434 Operating experience, operating cycles, and consolidation of
knowledge and skills.
(a) No certificate holder may use a person nor may any person serve as a
required crewmember of an airplane unless the person has satisfactorily
completed, on that type airplane and in that crewmember position, the
operating experience, operating cycles, and the line operating flight time
for consolidation of knowledge and skills, required by this section, except
as follows:
(1) Crewmembers other than pilots in command may serve as provided herein
for the purpose of meeting the requirements of this section.
(2) Pilots who are meeting the pilot in command requirements may serve as
second in command.
(3) Separate operating experience, operating cycles, and line operating
flight time for consolidation of knowledge and skills are not required for
variations within the same type airplane.
(b) In acquiring the operating experience, operating cycles, and line
operating flight time for consolidation of knowledge and skills, crewmembers
must comply with the following:
(1) In the case of a flight crewmember, he must hold the appropriate
certificates and ratings for the crewmember position and the airplane, except
that a pilot who is meeting the pilot in command requirements must hold the
appropriate certificates and ratings for a pilot in command in the airplane.
(2) The operating experience, operating cycles, and line operating flight
time for consolidation of knowledge and skills must be acquired after
satisfactory completion of the appropriate ground and flight training for the
particular airplane type and crewmember position.
(3) The experience must be acquired in flight during operations under this
part. However, in the case of an aircraft not previously used by the
certificate holder in operations under this part, operating experience
acquired in the aircraft during proving flights or ferry flights may be used
to meet this requirement.
However, separate operating experience is not required for variations within
the same type airplane.
(c) Pilot crewmembers must acquire operating experience and operating
cycles as follows:
(1) A pilot in command must--
(i) Perform the duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a
check pilot; and
(ii) In addition, if a qualifying pilot in command is completing initial
or upgrade training specified in Sec. 121.424, be observed in the performance
of prescribed duties by an FAA inspector during at least one flight leg which
includes a takeoff and landing. During the time that a qualifying pilot in
command is acquiring the operating experience in paragraphs (c)(l) (i) and
(ii) of this section, a check pilot who is also serving as the pilot in
command must occupy a pilot station. However, in the case of a transitioning
pilot in command the check pilot serving as pilot in command may occupy the
observer's seat, if the transitioning pilot has made at least two takeoffs
and landings in the type airplane used, and has satisfactorily demonstrated
to the check pilot that he is qualified to perform the duties of a pilot in
command of that type of airplane.
(2) A second in command pilot must perform the duties of a second in
command under the supervision of an appropriately qualified check pilot.
(3) The hours of operating experience and operating cycles for all pilots
are as follows:
(i) For initial training, 15 hours in Group I reciprocating powered
airplanes, 20 hours in Group I turbopropeller powered airplanes, and 25 hours
in Group II airplanes. Operating experience in both airplane groups must
include at least 4 operating cycles (at least 2 as the pilot flying the
airplane).
(ii) For transition training, except as provided in paragraph (c)(3)(iii)
of this section, 10 hours in Group I reciprocating powered airplanes, 12
hours in Group I turbopropeller powered airplanes, 25 hours for pilots in
command in Group II airplanes, and 15 hours for second in command pilots in
Group II airplanes. Operating experience in both airplane groups must include
at least 4 operating cycles (at least 2 as the pilot flying the airplane).
(iii) In the case of transition training where the certificate holder's
approved training program includes a course of training in an airplane
simulator under Sec. 121.409(c), each pilot in command must comply with the
requirements prescribed in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section for initial
training.
(d) A flight engineer must perform the duties of a flight engineer under
the supervision of a check airman or a qualified flight engineer for at least
the following number of hours:
(1) Group I reciprocating powered airplanes, 8 hours.
(2) Group I turbopropeller powered airplanes, 10 hours.
(3) Group II airplanes, 12 hours.
(e) A flight attendant must, for at least 5 hours, perform the assigned
duties of a flight attendant under the supervision of a flight attendant
supervisor qualified under this part who personally observes the performance
of these duties. However, operating experience is not required for a flight
attendant who has previously acquired such experience on any large passenger
carrying airplane of the same group, if the certificate holder shows that the
flight attendant has received sufficient ground training for the airplane in
which the flight attendant is to serve. Flight attendants receiving operating
experience may not be assigned as a required crewmember. Flight attendants
who have satisfactorily completed training time acquired in an approved
training program conducted in a full-scale (except for length) cabin training
device of the type airplane in which they are to serve may substitute this
time for 50 percent of the hours required by this paragraph.
(f) Flight crewmembers may substitute one additional takeoff and landing
for each hour of flight to meet the operating experience requirements of this
section, up to a maximum reduction of 50% of flight hours, except those in
Group II initial training, and second in command pilots in Group II
transition training. Notwithstanding the reductions in programmed hours
permitted under Secs. 121.405 and 121.409, the hours of operating experience
for flight crewmembers are not subject to reduction other than as provided in
this paragraph and paragraph (e) of this section.
(g) Except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section, pilot in command
and second in command crewmembers must each acquire at least 100 hours of
line operating flight time for consolidation of knowledge and skills
(including operating experience required under paragraph (c) of this section)
within 120 days after the satisfactory completion of:
(1) Any part of the flight maneuvers and procedures portion of either an
airline transport pilot certificate with type rating practical test or an
additional type rating practical test, or
(2) A Sec. 121.441 proficiency check.
(h) The following exceptions apply to the consolidation requirement of
paragraph (g) of this section:
(1) Pilots who have qualified and served as pilot in command or second in
command on a particular type airplane in operations under this part before
August 25, 1995 are not required to complete line operating flight time for
consolidation of knowledge and skills.
(2) Pilots who have completed the line operating flight time requirement
for consolidation of knowledge and skills while serving as second in command
on a particular type airplane in operations under this part after August 25,
1995 are not required to repeat the line operating flight time before serving
as pilot in command on the same type airplane.
(3) If, before completing the required 100 hours of line operating flight
time, a pilot serves as a pilot in another airplane type operated by the
certificate holder, the pilot may not serve as a pilot in the airplane for
which the pilot has newly qualified unless the pilot satifactorily completes
refresher training as provided in the certificate holder's approved training
program and that training is conducted by an appropriately qualified
instructor or check pilot.
(4) If the required 100 hours of line operating flight time are not
completed within 120 days, the certificate holder may extend the 120-day
period to no more than 150 days if--
(i) The pilot continues to meet all other applicable requirements of
subpart O of this part; and
(ii) On or before the 120th day the pilot satisfactorily completes
refresher training conducted by an appropriately qualified instructor or
check pilot as provided in the certificate holder's approved training
program, or a check pilot determines that the pilot has retained an adequate
level of proficiency after observing that pilot in a supervised line
operating flight.
(5) The Administrator, upon application by the certificate holder, may
authorize deviations from the requirements of paragraph (g) of this section,
by an appropriate amendment to the operations specifications, to the extent
warranted by any of the following circumstances:
(i) A newly certificated certificate holder does not employ any pilots who
meet the minimum requirements of paragraph (g) of this section.
(ii) An existing certificate holder adds to its fleet an airplane type not
before proven for use in its operations.
(iii) A certificate holder establishes a new domicile to which it assigns
pilots who will be required to become qualified on the airplanes operated
from that domicile.
(i) Notwithstanding the reductions in programmed hours permitted under Secs.
121.405 and 121.409 of Subpart N of this part, the hours of operating
experience for flight crewmembers are not subject to reduction other than as
provided in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section.
[Amdt. 121-55, 35 FR 95, Jan. 3, 1970, as amended by Amdt. 121-74, 36 FR
12284, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 121-91, 37 FR 10729, May 27, 1972; Amdt. 121-140,
43 FR 9599, Mar. 9, 1978; Amdt. 121-144, 43 FR 22647, May 25, 1978; Amdt.
121-159, 45 FR 41593, June 19, 1980; Amdt. 121-248, 60 FR 20870, Apr. 27,
1995]
Sec. 121.458 Misuse of alcohol.
(a) General. This section applies to employees who perform a function
listed in appendix J to this part for a certificate holder (covered
employees). For the purpose of this section, a person who meets the
definition of covered employee in appendix J is considered to be performing
the function for the certificate holder.
(b) Alcohol concentration. No covered employee shall report for duty or
remain on duty requiring the performance of safety-sensitive functions while
having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater. No certificate holder
having actual knowledge that an employee has an alcohol concentration of 0.04
or greater shall permit the employee to perform or continue to perform
safety-sensitive functions.
(c) On-duty use. No covered employee shall use alcohol while performing
safety-sensitive functions. No certificate holder having actual knowledge
that a covered employee is using alcohol while performing safety-sensitive
functions shall permit the employee to perform or continue to perform safety-
sensitive functions.
(d) Pre-duty use. (1) No covered employee shall perform flight crewmember
or flight attendant duties within 8 hours after using alcohol. No certificate
holder having actual knowledge that such an employee has used alcohol within
8 hours shall permit the employee to perform or continue to perform the
specified duties.
(2) No covered employee shall perform safety-sensitive duties other than
those specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this section within 4 hours after
using alcohol. No certificate holder having actual knowledge that such an
employee has used alcohol within 4 hours shall permit the employee to perform
or continue to perform safety-sensitive functions.
(e) Use following an accident. No covered employee who has actual knowledge
of an accident involving an aircraft for which he or she performed a safety-
sensitive function at or near the time of the accident shall use alcohol for
8 hours following the accident, unless he or she has been given a post-
accident test under appendix J of this part, or the employer has determined
that the employee's performance could not have contributed to the accident.
(f) Refusal to submit to a required alcohol test. No covered employee shall
refuse to submit to a post-accident, random, reasonable suspicion, or follow-
up alcohol test required under appendix J to this part. No certificate holder
shall permit an employee who refuses to submit to such a test to perform or
continue to perform safety-sensitive functions.
[Amdt. 121-237, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Sec. 121.459 Testing for alcohol.
(a) Each certificate holder must establish an alcohol misuse prevention
program in accordance with the provisions of appendix J to this part.
(b) No certificate holder shall use any person who meets the definition of
covered employee in appendix J to this part to perform a safety-sensitive
function listed in that appendix unless such person is subject to testing for
alcohol misuse in accordance with the provisions of appendix J.
[Amdt. 121-237, 59 FR 7390, Feb. 15, 1994]
Subpart P--Aircraft Dispatcher Qualifications and Duty Time
Limitations: Domestic and Flag Operations; Flight Attendant Duty Period
Limitations and Rest Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental
Operations
Sec. 121.461 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes--
(a) Qualifications and duty time limitations for aircraft dispatchers for
certificate holders conducting domestic flag operations; and
(b) Duty period limitations and rest requirements for flight attendants
used by certificate holders conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental
operations.
[Amdt. 121-253, 61 FR 2612, Jan. 26, 1996]
|
Sec. 121.467 Flight attendant duty period limitations and rest requirements:
Domestic, flag, and supplemental operations.
(a) For purposes of this section--
Calendar day means the period of elapsed time, using Coordinated Universal
Time or local time, that begins at midnight and ends 24 hours later at the
next midnight.
Duty period means the period of elapsed time between reporting for an
assignment involving flight time and release from that assignment by the
certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental operations.
The time is calculated using either Coordinated Universal Time or local time
to reflect the total elapsed time.
Flight attendant means an individual, other than a flight crewmember, who
is assigned by a certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or
supplemental operations, in accordance with the required minimum crew
complement under the certificate holder's operations specifications or in
addition to that minimum complement, to duty in an aircraft during flight
time and whose duties include but are not necessarily limited to
cabin-safety-related responsibilities.
Rest period means the period free of all restraint or duty for a
certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental operations and
free of all responsibility for work or duty should the occasion arise.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a certificate
holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental operations may assign a
duty period to a flight attendant only when the applicable duty period
limitations and rest requirements of this paragraph are met.
(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(4), (b)(5), and (b)(6) of this
section, no certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental
operations may assign a flight attendant to a scheduled duty period of more
than 14 hours.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a flight
attendant scheduled to a duty period of 14 hours or less as provided under
paragraph (b)(1) of this section must be given a scheduled rest period of at
least 9 consecutive hours. This rest period must occur between the completion
of the scheduled duty period and the commencement of the subsequent duty
period.
(3) The rest period required under paragraph (b)(2) of this section may be
scheduled or reduced to 8 consecutive hours if the flight attendant is
provided a subsequent rest period of at least 10 consecutive hours; this
subsequent rest period must be scheduled to begin no later than 24 hours
after the beginning of the reduced rest period and must occur between the
completion of the scheduled duty period and the commencement of the
subsequent duty period.
(4) A certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental
operations may assign a flight attendant to a scheduled duty period of more
than 14 hours, but no more than 16 hours, if the certifiacte holder
has assigned to the flight or flights in that duty period at least
one flight attendant in addition to the minimum flight attendant complement
required for the flight or flights in that duty period under the certificate
holder's operations specifications.
(5) A certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental
operations may assign a flight attendant to a scheduled duty period of more
than 16 hours, but no more than 18 hours, if the certificate holder has
assigned to the flight or flights in that duty period at least two flight
attendants in addition to the minimum flight attendant complement required
for the flight or flights in that duty period under the certificate holder's
operations specifications.
(6) A certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental
operations may assign a flight attendant to a scheduled duty period of more
than 18 hours, but no more than 20 hours, if the scheduled duty period
includes one or more flights that land or take off outside the 48 contiguous
states and the District of Columbia, and if the certificate holder has
assigned to the flight or flights in that duty period at least three flight
attendants in addition to the minimum flight attendant complement required
for the flight or flights in that duty period under the domestic certicate
holder's operations specifications.
(7) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(8) of this section, a flight
attendant scheduled to a duty period of more than 14 hours but no more than
20 hours, as provided in paragraphs (b)(4), (b)(5), and (b)(6) of this
section, must be given a scheduled rest period of at least 12 consecutive
hours. This rest period must occur between the completion of the scheduled
duty period and the commencement of the subsequent duty period.
(8) The rest period required under paragraph (b)(7) of this section may be
scheduled or reduced to 10 consecutive hours if the flight attendant is
provided a subsequent rest period of at least 14 consecutive hours; this
subsequent rest period must be scheduled to begin no later than 24 hours
after the beginning of the reduced rest period and must occur between the
completion of the scheduled duty period and the commencement of the
subsequent duty period.
(9) Notwithstanding paragraphs (b)(4), (b)(5), and (b)(6) of this section,
if a certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental operations
elects to reduce the rest period to 10 hours as authorized by paragraph
(b)(8) of this section, the certificate holder may not schedule a flight
attendant for a duty period of more than 14 hours during the 24-hour period
commencing after the beginning of the reduced rest period.
(10) No certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental
operations may assign a flight attendant any duty period with the certificate
holder unless the flight attendant has had at least the minimum rest required
under this section.
(11) No certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental
operations may assign a flight attendant to perform any duty with the
certificate holder during any required rest period.
(12) Time spent in transportation, not local in character, that a
certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental operations
requires of a flight attendant and provides to transport the flight attendant
to an airport at which that flight attendant is to serve on a flight as a
crewmember, or from an airport at which the flight attendant was relieved
from duty to return to the flight attendant's home station, is not considered
part of a rest period.
(13) Each certificate holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental
operations must relieve each flight attendant engaged in air transportation
and each commercial operator must relieve each flight attendant engaged in
air commerce from all further duty for at least 24 consecutive hours during
any 7 consecutive calendar days.
(14) A flight attendant is not considered to be scheduled for duty in
excess of duty period limitations if the flights to which the flight
attendant is assigned are scheduled and normally terminate within the
limitations but due to circumstances beyond the control of the certificate
holder conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental operations (such as adverse
weather conditions) are not at the time of departure expected to reach their
destination within the scheduled time.
(c) Notwithstanding paragraph (b) of this section, a certificate holder
conducting domestic, flag, or supplemental operations may apply the flight
crewmember flight time and duty limitations and rest requirements of this
part to flight attendants for all operations conducted under this part
provided that--
(1) The certificate holder establishes written procedures that--
(i) Apply to all flight attendants used in the certificate holder's
operation;
(ii) Include the flight crewmember requirements contained in subparts Q, R,
or S of this part, as appropriate to the operation being conducted, except
that rest facilities on board the aircraft are not required;
(iii) Include provisions to add one flight attendant to the minimum flight
attendant complement for each flight crewmember who is in excess of the
minimum number required in the aircraft type certificate data sheet and who
is assigned to the aircraft under the provisions of subparts Q, R, and S, as
applicable, of this part;
(iv) Are approved by the Administrator and are described or referenced in
the certificate holder's operations specifications; and
(2) Whenever the Administrator finds that revisions are necessary for the
continued adequacy of the written procedures that are required by paragraph
(c)(1) of this section and that had been granted final approval, the
certificate holder must, after notification by the Administrator, make any
changes in the procedures that are found necessary by the Administrator.
Within 30 days after the certificate holder receives such notice, it may file
a petition to reconsider the notice with the certificate-holding district
office. The filing of a petition to reconsider stays the notice, pending
decision by the Administrator. However, if the Administrator finds that an
emergency requires immediate action in the interest of safety, the
Administrator may, upon a statement of the reasons, require a change
effective without stay.
[Amdt. 121-241, 59 FR 42991, Aug. 19, 1994, as amended by Amdt. 121-253, 61
FR 2612, Jan. 26, 1996]
Sec. 121.571 Briefing passengers before takeoff.
(a) Each certificate holder operating a passenger-carrying airplane shall
insure that all passengers are orally briefed by the appropriate crewmember
as follows:
(1) Before each takeoff, on each of the following:
(i) Smoking. Each passenger shall be briefed on when, where, and under what
conditions smoking is prohibited (including, but not limited to, any
applicable requirements of part 252 of this title). This briefing shall
include a statement that the Federal Aviation Regulations require passenger
compliance with the lighted passenger information signs, posted placards,
areas designated for safety purposes as no smoking areas, and crewmember
instructions with regard to these items. The briefing shall also include a
statement that Federal law prohibits tampering with, disabling, or destroying
any smoke detector in an airplane lavatory; smoking in lavatories; and, when
applicable, smoking in passenger compartments.
(ii) The location of emergency exits.
(iii) The use of safety belts, including instructions on how to fasten and
unfasten the safety belts. Each passenger shall be briefed on when, where,
and under what conditions the safety belt must be fastened about that
passenger. This briefing shall include a statement that the Federal Aviation
Regulations require passenger compliance with lighted passenger information
signs and crewmember instructions concerning the use of safety belts.
(iv) The location and use of any required emergency flotation means.
(v) On operations that do not use a flight attendant, the following
additional information:
(A) The placement of seat backs in an upright position before takeoff and
landing.
(B) Location of survival equipment.
(C) If the flight involves operations above 12,000 MSL, the normal and
emergency use of oxygen.
(D) Location and operation of fire extinguisher.
(2) After each takeoff, immediately before or immediately after turning the
seat belt sign off, an announcement shall be made that passengers should keep
their seat belts fastened, while seated, even when the seat belt sign is off.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, before each
takeoff a required crewmember assigned to the flight shall conduct an
individual briefing of each person who may need the assistance of another
person to move expeditiously to an exit in the event of an emergency. In the
briefing the required crewmember shall--
(i) Brief the person and his attendant, if any, on the routes to each
appropriate exit and on the most appropriate time to begin moving to an exit
in the event of an emergency; and
(ii) Inquire of the person and his attendant, if any, as to the most
appropriate manner of assisting the person so as to prevent pain and further
injury.
(4) The requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this section do not apply to a
person who has been given a briefing before a previous leg of a flight in the
same aircraft when the crewmembers on duty have been advised as to the most
appropriate manner of assisting the person so as to prevent pain and further
injury.
(b) Each certificate holder shall carry on each passenger-carrying
airplane, in convenient locations for use of each passenger, printed cards
supplementing the oral briefing and containing--
(1) Diagrams of, and methods of operating, the emergency exits; and
(2) Other instructions necessary for use of emergency equipment.
Each card required by this paragraph must contain information that is
pertinent only to the type and model airplane used for that flight.
(c) The certificate holder shall describe in its manual the procedure to be
followed in the briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section.
[Amdt. 121-2, 30 FR 3206, Mar. 9, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 121-30, 32 FR
13268, Sept. 20, 1967; Amdt. 121-84, 37 FR 3975, Feb. 24, 1972; Amdt. 121-
133, 42 FR 18394, Apr. 7, 1977; Amdt. 121-144, 43 FR 22648, May 25, 1978;
Amdt. 121-146, 43 FR 28403, June 29, 1978; Amdt. 121-196, 53 FR 12362, Apr.
13, 1988; Amdt. 121-230, 57 FR 42674, Sept. 15, 1992; Amdt. 121-251, 60 FR
65935, Dec. 20, 1995]
Sec. 121.573 Briefing passengers: Extended overwater operations.
(a) In addition to the oral briefing required by Sec. 121.571(a), each
certificate holder operating an airplane in extended overwater operations
shall ensure that all passengers are orally briefed by the appropriate
crewmember on the location and operation of life preservers, liferafts, and
other flotation means, including a demonstration of the method of donning and
inflating a life preserver.
(b) The certificate holder shall describe in its manual the procedure to be
followed in the briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) If the airplane proceeds directly over water after takeoff, the
briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section must be done before
takeoff.
(d) If the airplane does not proceed directly over water after takeoff, no
part of the briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section has to be
given before takeoff, but the entire briefing must be given before reaching
the overwater part of the flight.
[Amdt. 121-2, 30 FR 3206, Mar. 9, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 121-144, 43 FR
22648, May 25, 1978; Amdt. 121-146, 43 FR 28403, June 29, 1978]
Sec. 121.574 Oxygen for medical use by passengers.
(a) A certificate holder may allow a passenger to carry and operate
equipment for the storage, generation, or dispensing of oxygen when the
following conditions are met:
(1) The equipment is--
(i) Furnished by the certificate holder;
(ii) Of an approved type or is in conformity with the manufacturing,
packaging, marking, labeling, and maintenance requirements of 49 CFR Parts
171, 172, and 173, except Sec. 173.24(a)(1);
(iii) Maintained by the certificate holder in accordance with an approved
maintenance program;
(iv) Free of flammable contaminants on all exterior surfaces;
(v) Capable of providing a minimum mass flow of oxygen to the user of four
liters per minute;
(vi) Constructed so that all valves, fittings, and gauges are protected
from damage; and
(vii) Appropriately secured.
(2) When the oxygen is stored in the form of a liquid, the equipment has
been under the certificate holder's approved maintenance program since its
purchase new or since the storage container was last purged.
(3) When the oxygen is stored in the form of a compressed gas as defined in
49 CFR 173.300(a)--
(i) The equipment has been under the certificate holder's approved
maintenance program since its purchase new or since the last hydrostatic test
of the storage cylinder; and
(ii) The pressure in any oxygen cylinder does not exceed the rated cylinder
pressure.
(4) Each person using the equipment has a medical need to use it evidenced
by a written statement to be kept in that person's possession, signed by a
licensed physician which specifies the maximum quantity of oxygen needed each
hour and the maximum flow rate needed for the pressure altitude corresponding
to the pressure in the cabin of the airplane under normal operating
conditions. This paragraph does not apply to the carriage of oxygen in an
airplane in which the only passengers carried are persons who may have a
medical need for oxygen during flight, no more than one relative or other
interested person for each of those persons, and medical attendants.
(5) When a physician's statement is required by paragraph (a)(4) of this
section, the total quantity of oxygen carried is equal to the maximum
quantity of oxygen needed each hour, as specified in the physician's
statement, multiplied by the number of hours used to compute the amount of
airplane fuel required by this part.
(6) The pilot in command is advised when the equipment is on board, and
when it is intended to be used.
(7) The equipment is stowed, and each person using the equipment is seated,
so as not to restrict access to or use of any required emergency, or regular
exit or of the aisle in the passenger compartment.
(b) No person may, and no certificate holder may allow any person to, smoke
within 10 feet of oxygen storage and dispensing equipment carried in
accordance with paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) No certificate holder may allow any person to connect or disconnect
oxygen dispensing equipment, to or from a gaseous oxygen cylinder while any
passenger is aboard the airplane.
(d) The requirements of this section do not apply to the carriage of
supplemental or first-aid oxygen and related equipment required by this
chapter.
[Amdt. 121-113, 39 FR 42677, Dec. 6, 1974, as amended by Amdt. 121-159, 45 FR
41594, June 19, 1980]
Sec. 121.575 Alcoholic beverages.
(a) No person may drink any alcoholic beverage aboard an aircraft unless
the certificate holder operating the aircraft has served that beverage to
him.
(b) No certificate holder may serve any alcoholic beverage to any person
aboard any of its aircraft who--
(1) Appears to be intoxicated;
(2) Is escorting a person or being escorted in accordance with Sec. 108.21;
or
(3) Has a deadly or dangerous weapon accessible to him while aboard the
aircraft in accordance with Sec. 108.11.
(c) No certificate holder may allow any person to board any of its aircraft
if that person appears to be intoxicated.
(d) Each certificate holder shall, within five days after the incident,
report to the Administrator the refusal of any person to comply with
paragraph (a) of this section, or of any disturbance caused by a person who
appears to be intoxicated aboard any of its aircraft.
[Doc. No. 6258, 29 FR 19219, Dec. 31, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 121-118, 40
FR 17552, Apr. 21, 1975; Amdt. 121-178, 47 FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 121.576 Retention of items of mass in passenger and crew compartments.
The certificate holder must provide and use means to prevent each item of
galley equipment and each serving cart, when not in use, and each item of
crew baggage, which is carried in a passenger or crew compartment from
becoming a hazard by shifting under the appropriate load factors
corresponding to the emergency landing conditions under which the airplane
was type certificated.
[Amdt. 121-144, 43 FR 22648, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 121.577 Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment
during airplane movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing.
(a) No certificate holder may move an airplane on the surface, take off, or
land when any food, beverage, or tableware furnished by the certificate
holder is located at any passenger seat.
(b) No certificate holder may move an airplane on the surface, take off, or
land unless each food and beverage tray and seat back tray table is secured
in its stowed position.
(c) No certificate holder may permit an airplane to move on the surface,
take off, or land unless each passenger serving cart is secured in its stowed
position.
(d) No certificate holder may permit an airplane to move on the surface,
take off, or land unless each movie screen that extends into an aisle is
stowed.
(e) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given by a crewmember
with regard to compliance with this section.
[Amdt. 121-230, 57 FR 42674, Sept. 15, 1992]
Sec. 121.585 Exit seating.
(a)(1) Each certificate holder shall determine, to the extent necessary to
perform the applicable functions of paragraph (d) of this section, the
suitability of each person it permits to occupy an exit seat, in accordance
with this section. For the purpose of this section--
(i) Exit seat means--
(A) Each seat having direct access to an exit; and,
(B) Each seat in a row of seats through which passengers would have to pass
to gain access to an exit, from the first seat inboard of the exit to the
first aisle inboard of the exit.
(ii) A passenger seat having "direct access" means a seat from which a
passenger can proceed directly to the exit without entering an aisle or
passing around an obstruction.
(2) Each certificate holder shall make the passenger exit seating
determinations required by this paragraph in a non-discriminatory manner
consistent with the requirements of this section, by persons designated in
the certificate holder's required operations manual.
(3) Each certificate holder shall designate the exit seats for each
passenger seating configuration in its fleet in accordance with the
definitions in this paragraph and submit those designations for approval as
part of the procedures required to be submitted for approval under paragraphs
(n) and (p) of this section.
(b) No certificate holder may seat a person in a seat affected by this
section if the certificate holder determines that it is likely that the
person would be unable to perform one or more of the applicable functions
listed in paragraph (d) of this section because--
(1) The person lacks sufficient mobility, strength, or dexterity in both
arms and hands, and both legs:
(i) To reach upward, sideways, and downward to the location of emergency
exit and exit-slide operating mechanisms;
(ii) To grasp and push, pull, turn, or otherwise manipulate those
mechanisms;
(iii) To push, shove, pull, or otherwise open emergency exits;
(iv) To lift out, hold, deposit on nearby seats, or maneuver over the
seatbacks to the next row objects the size and weight of over-wing window
exit doors;
(v) To remove obstructions similar in size and weight to over-wing exit
doors;
(vi) To reach the emergency exit expeditiously;
(vii) To maintain balance while removing obstructions;
(viii) To exit expeditiously;
(ix) To stabilize an escape slide after deployment; or
(x) To assist others in getting off an escape slide;
(2) The person is less than 15 years of age or lacks the capacity to
perform one or more of the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of
this section without the assistance of an adult companion, parent, or other
relative;
(3) The person lacks the ability to read and understand instructions
required by this section and related to emergency evacuation provided by the
certificate holder in printed or graphic form or the ability to understand
oral crew commands.
(4) The person lacks sufficient visual capacity to perform one or more of
the applicable functions in paragraph (d) of this section without the
assistance of visual aids beyond contact lenses or eyeglasses;
(5) The person lacks sufficient aural capacity to hear and understand
instructions shouted by flight attendants, without assistance beyond a
hearing aid;
(6) The person lacks the ability adequately to impart information orally to
other passengers; or,
(7) The person has:
(i) A condition or responsibilities, such as caring for small children,
that might prevent the person from performing one or more of the applicable
functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section; or
(ii) A condition that might cause the person harm if he or she performs one
or more of the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section.
(c) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given by a crewmember or
other authorized employee of the certificate holder implementing exit seating
restrictions established in accordance with this section.
(d) Each certificate holder shall include on passenger information cards,
presented in the language in which briefings and oral commands are given by
the crew, at each exit seat affected by this section, information that, in
the event of an emergency in which a crewmember is not available to assist, a
passenger occupying an exit seat may use if called upon to perform the
following functions:
(1) Locate the emergency exit;
(2) Recognize the emergency exit opening mechanism;
(3) Comprehend the instructions for operating the emergency exit;
(4) Operate the emergency exit;
(5) Assess whether opening the emergency exit will increase the hazards to
which passengers may be exposed;
(6) Follow oral directions and hand signals given by a crewmember;
(7) Stow or secure the emergency exit door so that it will not impede use
of the exit;
(8) Assess the condition of an escape slide, activate the slide, and
stabilize the slide after deployment to assist others in getting off the
slide;
(9) Pass expeditiously through the emergency exit; and
(10) Assess, select, and follow a safe path away from the emergency exit.
(e) Each certificate holder shall include on passenger information cards,
at each exit seat--
(1) In the primary language in which emergency commands are given by the
crew, the selection criteria set forth in paragraph (b) of this section, and
a request that a passenger identify himself or herself to allow reseating if
he or she:
(i) Cannot meet the selection criteria set forth in paragraph (b) of this
section;
(ii) Has a nondiscernible condition that will prevent him or her from
performing the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section;
(iii) May suffer bodily harm as the result of performing one or more of
those functions; or
(iv) Does not wish to perform those functions; and
(2) In each language used by the certificate holder for passenger
information cards, a request that a passenger identify himself or herself to
allow reseating if he or she lacks the ability to read, speak, or understand
the language or the graphic form in which instructions required by this
section and related to emergency evacuation are provided by the certificate
holder, or the ability to understand the specified language in which crew
commands will be given in an emergency.
(3) May suffer bodily harm as the result of performing one or more of those
functions; or,
(4) Does not wish to perform those functions.
A certificate holder shall not require the passenger to disclose his or her
reason for needing reseating.
(f) Each certificate holder shall make available for inspection by the
public at all passenger loading gates and ticket counters at each airport
where it conducts passenger operations, written, procedures established for
making determinations in regard to exit row seating.
(g) No certificate holder may allow taxi or pushback unless at least one
required crewmember has verified that no exit seat is occupied by a person
the crewmember determines is likely to be unable to perform the applicable
functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section.
(h) Each certificate holder shall include in its passenger briefings a
reference to the passenger information cards, required by paragraphs (d) and
(e), the selection criteria set forth in paragraph (b), and the functions to
be performed, set forth in paragraph (d) of this section.
(i) Each certificate holder shall include in its passenger briefings a
request that a passenger identify himself or herself to allow reseating if he
or she--
(1) Cannot meet the selection criteria set forth in paragraph (b) of this
section;
(2) Has a nondiscernible condition that will prevent him or her from
performing the applicable functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section;
(3) May suffer bodily harm as the result of performing one or more of those
functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section; or,
(4) Does not wish to perform those functions listed in paragraph (d) of
this section.
A certificate holder shall not require the passenger to disclose his or her
reason for needing reseating.
(j) [Removed and Reserved]
(k) In the event a certificate holder determines in accordance with this
section that it is likely that a passenger assigned to an exit seat would be
unable to perform the functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section or a
passenger requests a non-exit seat, the certificate holder shall
expeditiously relocate the passenger to a non-exit seat.
(l) In the event of full booking in the non-exit seats and if necessary to
accommodate a passenger being relocated from an exit seat, the certificate
holder shall move a passenger who is willing and able to assume the
evacuation functions that may be required, to an exit seat.
(m) A certificate holder may deny transportation to any passenger under
this section only because--
(1) The passenger refuses to comply with instructions given by a crewmember
or other authorized employee of the certificate holder implementing exit
seating restrictions established in accordance with this section, or
(2) The only seat that will physically accommodate the person's handicap is
an exit seat.
(n) In order to comply with this section certificate holders shall--
(1) Establish procedures that address:
(i) The criteria listed in paragraph (b) of this section;
(ii) The functions listed in paragraph (d) of this section;
(iii) The requirements for airport information, passenger information
cards, crewmember verification of appropriate seating in exit seats,
passenger briefings, seat assignments, and denial of transportation as set
forth in this section;
(iv) How to resolve disputes arising from implementation of this section,
including identification of the certificate holder employee on the airport to
whom complaints should be addressed for resolution; and,
(2) Submit their procedures for preliminary review and approval to the
principal operations inspectors assigned to them at the certificate-holding
district office.
(o) Certificate holders shall assign seats prior to boarding consistent
with the criteria listed in paragraph (b) and the functions listed in
paragraph (d) of this section, to the maximum extent feasible.
(p) The procedures required by paragraph (n) of this section will not
become effective until final approval is granted by the Director, Flight
Standards Service, Washington, DC. Approval will be based solely upon the
safety aspects of the certificate holder's procedures.
[Amdt. 121-214, 55 FR 8072, Mar. 6, 1990, as amended by Amdt. 121-232, 57
FR 48663, Oct. 27, 1992; Amdt. 121-253, 61 FR 2614, Jan. 26, 1996]
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Part 91 FAR's
Sec. 91.105 Flight crewmembers at stations.
(a) During takeoff and landing, and while en route, each required flight
crewmember shall--
(1) Be at the crewmember station unless the absence is necessary to perform
duties in connection with the operation of the aircraft or in connection with
physiological needs; and
(2) Keep the safety belt fastened while at the crewmember station.
(b) Each required flight crewmember of a U.S.-registered civil aircraft
shall, during takeoff and landing, keep his or her shoulder harness fastened
while at his or her assigned duty station. This paragraph does not apply if--
(1) The seat at the crewmember's station is not equipped with a shoulder
harness; or
(2) The crewmember would be unable to perform required duties with the
shoulder harness fastened.
[Amdt. 91-211, 54 FR 34291, Aug. 18, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 91-231, 57
FR 42671, Sept. 15, 1992]
Sec. 91.513 Emergency equipment.
(a) No person may operate an airplane unless it is equipped with the
emergency equipment listed in this section.
(b) Each item of equipment--
(1) Must be inspected in accordance with Sec. 91.409 to ensure its
continued serviceability and immediate readiness for its intended purposes;
(2) Must be readily accessible to the crew;
(3) Must clearly indicate its method of operation; and
(4) When carried in a compartment or container, must have that compartment
or container marked as to contents and date of last inspection.
(c) Hand fire extinguishers must be provided for use in crew, passenger,
and cargo compartments in accordance with the following:
(1) The type and quantity of extinguishing agent must be suitable for the
kinds of fires likely to occur in the compartment where the extinguisher is
intended to be used.
(2) At least one hand fire extinguisher must be provided and located on or
near the flight deck in a place that is readily accessible to the flight
crew.
(3) At least one hand fire extinguisher must be conveniently located in the
passenger compartment of each airplane accommodating more than six but less
than 31 passengers, and at least two hand fire extinguishers must be
conveniently located in the passenger compartment of each airplane
accommodating more than 30 passengers.
(4) Hand fire extinguishers must be installed and secured in such a manner
that they will not interfere with the safe operation of the airplane or
adversely affect the safety of the crew and passengers. They must be readily
accessible and, unless the locations of the fire extinguishers are obvious,
their stowage provisions must be properly identified.
(d) First aid kits for treatment of injuries likely to occur in flight or
in minor accidents must be provided.
(e) Each airplane accommodating more than 19 passengers must be equipped
with a crash axe.
(f) Each passenger-carrying airplane must have a portable battery-powered
megaphone or megaphones readily accessible to the crewmembers assigned to
direct emergency evacuation, installed as follows:
(1) One megaphone on each airplane with a seating capacity of more than 60
but less than 100 passengers, at the most rearward location in the passenger
cabin where it would be readily accessible to a normal flight attendant seat.
However, the Administrator may grant a deviation from the requirements of
this subparagraph if the Administrator finds that a different location would
be more useful for evacuation of persons during an emergency.
(2) On each airplane with a seating capacity of 100 or more passengers, one
megaphone installed at the forward end and one installed at the most rearward
location where it would be readily accessible to a normal flight attendant
seat.
Sec. 91.517 Passenger information.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no person may
operate an airplane carrying passengers unless it is equipped with signs that
are visible to passengers and flight attendants to notify them when smoking
is prohibited and when safety belts must be fastened. The signs must be so
constructed that the crew can turn them on and off. They must be turned on
during airplane movement on the surface, for each takeoff, for each landing,
and when otherwise considered to be necessary by the pilot in command.
(b) The pilot in command of an airplane that is not required, in accordance
with applicable aircraft and equipment requirements of this chapter, to be
equipped as provided in paragraph (a) of this section shall ensure that the
passengers are notified orally each time that it is necessary to fasten their
safety belts and when smoking is prohibited.
(c) If passenger information signs are installed, no passenger or
crewmember may smoke while any "no smoking" sign is lighted nor may any
passenger or crewmember smoke in any lavatory.
(d) Each passenger required by Sec. 91.107(a)(3) to occupy a seat or berth
shall fasten his or her safety belt about him or her and keep it fastened
while any "fasten seat belt" sign is lighted.
(e) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given him or her by
crewmembers regarding compliance with paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this
section.
[Dkt. No. 26142, Amdt. 91-231, 57 FR 42672, Sept. 15, 1992]
Sec. 91.519 Passenger briefing.
(a) Before each takeoff the pilot in command of an airplane carrying
passengers shall ensure that all passengers have been orally briefed on--
(1) Smoking: Each passenger shall be briefed on when, where, and under what
conditions smoking is prohibited. This briefing shall include a statement, as
appropriate, that the Federal Aviation Regulations require passenger
compliance with lighted passenger information signs and no smoking placards,
prohibit smoking in lavatories, and require compliance with crewmember
instructions with regard to these items;
(2) Use of safety belts and shoulder harnesses: Each passenger shall be
briefed on when, where, and under what conditions it is necessary to have his
or her safety belt and, if installed, his or her shoulder harness fastened
about him or her. This briefing shall include a statement, as appropriate,
that Federal Aviation Regulations require passenger compliance with the
lighted passenger sign and/or crewmember instructions with regard to these
items;
(3) Location and means for opening the passenger entry door and emergency
exits;
(4) Location of survival equipment;
(5) Ditching procedures and the use of flotation equipment required under
Sec. 91.509 for a flight over water; and
(6) The normal and emergency use of oxygen equipment installed on the
airplane.
(b) The oral briefing required by paragraph (a) of this section shall be
given by the pilot in command or a member of the crew, but need not be given
when the pilot in command determines that the passengers are familiar with
the contents of the briefing. It may be supplemented by printed cards for the
use of each passenger containing--
(1) A diagram of, and methods of operating, the emergency exits; and
(2) Other instructions necessary for use of emergency equipment.
(c) Each card used under paragraph (b) must be carried in convenient
locations on the airplane for the use of each passenger and must contain
information that is pertinent only to the type and model airplane on which it
is used.
[Dkt. No. 18334, Amdt. 91-211, 54 FR 34314, Aug. 18, 1989, as amended by
Amdt. 91-231, 57 FR 42672, Sept. 15, 1992]
Sec. 91.107 Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint
systems.
(a) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator--
(1) No pilot may take off a U.S.-registered civil aircraft (except a free
balloon that incorporates a basket or gondola, or an airship type
certificated before November 2, 1987) unless the pilot in command of that
aircraft ensures that each person on board is briefed on how to fasten and
unfasten that person's safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness.
(2) No pilot may cause to be moved on the surface, take off, or land a
U.S.-registered civil aircraft (except a free balloon that incorporates a
basket or gondola, or an airship type certificated before November 2, 1987)
unless the pilot in command of that aircraft ensures that each person on
board has been notified to fasten his or her safety belt and, if installed,
his or her shoulder harness.
(3) Except as provided in this paragraph, each person on board a U.S.-
registered civil aircraft (except a free balloon that incorporates a basket
or gondola or an airship type certificated before November 2, 1987) must
occupy an approved seat or berth with a safety belt and, if installed,
shoulder harness, properly secured about him or her during movement on the
surface, takeoff, and landing. For seaplane and float equipped rotorcraft
operations during movement on the surface, the person pushing off the
seaplane or rotorcraft from the dock and the person mooring the seaplane or
rotorcraft at the dock are excepted from the preceding seating and safety
belt requirements. Notwithstanding the preceding requirements of this
paragraph, a person may:
(i) Be held by an adult who is occupying an approved seat or berth,
provided that the person being held has not reached his or her second
birthday and does not occupy or use any restraining device;
(ii) Use the floor of the aircraft as a seat, provided that the person is
on board for the purpose of engaging in sport parachuting; or
(iii) Notwithstanding any other requirement of this chapter, occupy an
approved child restraint system furnished by the operator or one of the
persons described in paragraph (a)(3)(iii)(A) of this section provided that:
(A) The child is accompanied by a parent, guardian, or attendant designated
by the child's parent or guardian to attend to the safety of the child during
the flight;
(B) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3)(iii)(B)(4) of this action, the
approved child restraint system bears one or more labels as follows:
(1) Seats manufactured to U.S. standards between January 1, 1981, and
February 25, 1985, must bear the label: "This child restraint system conforms
to all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards.";
(2) Seats manufactured to U.S. standards on or after February 26, 1985,
must bear two labels:
(i) "This child restraint system conforms to all applicable Federal motor
vehicle safety standards"; and
(ii) "THIS RESTRAINT IS CERTIFIED FOR USE IN MOTOR VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT"
in red lettering;
(3) Seats that do not qualify under paragraphs (a)(3)(iii)(B)(1) and
(a)(3)(iii)(B)(2) of this section must bear either a label showing approval
of a foreign government or a label showing that the seat was manufactured
under the standards of the United Nations;
(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, booster-type child
restraint systems (as defined in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No.
213 (49 CFR 571.213)), vest- and harness-type child restraint systems, and
lap held child restraints are not approved for use in aircraft; and
(C) The operator complies with the following requirements:
(1) The restraint system must be properly secured to an approved forward-
facing seat or berth;
(2) The child must be properly secured in the restraint system and must not
exceed the specified weight limit for the restraint system; and
(3) The restraint system must bear the appropriate label(s).
(b) Unless otherwise stated, this section does not apply to operations
conducted under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter. Paragraph (a)(3) of
this section does not apply to persons subject to Sec. 91.105.
[Amdt. 91-231, 57 FR 42671, Sept. 15, 1992, as amended by Amdt. 91-250, 61
FR 28421, June 4, 1996]
Sec. 91.521 Shoulder harness.
(a) No person may operate a transport category airplane that was type
certificated after January 1, 1958, unless it is equipped at each seat at a
flight deck station with a combined safety belt and shoulder harness that
meets the applicable requirements specified in Sec. 25.785 of this chapter,
except that--
(1) Shoulder harnesses and combined safety belt and shoulder harnesses that
were approved and installed before March 6, 1980, may continue to be used;
and
(2) Safety belt and shoulder harness restraint systems may be designed to
the inertia load factors established under the certification basis of the
airplane.
(b) No person may operate a transport category airplane unless it is
equipped at each required flight attendant seat in the passenger compartment
with a combined safety belt and shoulder harness that meets the applicable
requirements specified in Sec. 25.785 of this chapter, except that--
(1) Shoulder harnesses and combined safety belt and shoulder harnesses that
were approved and installed before March 6, 1980, may continue to be used;
and
(2) Safety belt and shoulder harness restraint systems may be designed to
the inertia load factors established under the certification basis of the
airplane.
Sec. 91.523 Carry-on baggage.
No pilot in command of an airplane having a seating capacity of more than
19 passengers may permit a passenger to stow baggage aboard that airplane
except--
(a) In a suitable baggage or cargo storage compartment, or as provided in
Sec. 91.525; or
(b) Under a passenger seat in such a way that it will not slide forward
under crash impacts severe enough to induce the ultimate inertia forces
specified in Sec. 25.561(b)(3) of this chapter, or the requirements of the
regulations under which the airplane was type certificated. Restraining
devices must also limit sideward motion of under-seat baggage and be designed
to withstand crash impacts severe enough to induce sideward forces specified
in Sec. 25.561(b)(3) of this chapter.
Sec. 91.525 Carriage of cargo.
(a) No pilot in command may permit cargo to be carried in any airplane
unless--
(1) It is carried in an approved cargo rack, bin, or compartment installed
in the airplane;
(2) It is secured by means approved by the Administrator; or
(3) It is carried in accordance with each of the following:
(i) It is properly secured by a safety belt or other tiedown having enough
strength to eliminate the possibility of shifting under all normally
anticipated flight and ground conditions.
(ii) It is packaged or covered to avoid possible injury to passengers.
(iii) It does not impose any load on seats or on the floor structure that
exceeds the load limitation for those components.
(iv) It is not located in a position that restricts the access to or use of
any required emergency or regular exit, or the use of the aisle between the
crew and the passenger compartment.
(v) It is not carried directly above seated passengers.
(b) When cargo is carried in cargo compartments that are designed to
require the physical entry of a crewmember to extinguish any fire that may
occur during flight, the cargo must be loaded so as to allow a crewmember to
effectively reach all parts of the compartment with the contents of a hand
fire extinguisher.
Sec. 91.527 Operating in icing conditions.
(a) No pilot may take off an airplane that has--
(1) Frost, snow, or ice adhering to any propeller, windshield, or
powerplant installation or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, or
flight attitude instrument system;
(2) Snow or ice adhering to the wings or stabilizing or control surfaces;
or
(3) Any frost adhering to the wings or stabilizing or control surfaces,
unless that frost has been polished to make it smooth.
(b) Except for an airplane that has ice protection provisions that meet the
requirements in section 34 of Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 23, or
those for transport category airplane type certification, no pilot may fly--
(1) Under IFR into known or forecast moderate icing conditions; or
(2) Under VFR into known light or moderate icing conditions unless the
aircraft has functioning de-icing or anti-icing equipment protecting each
propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, and each
airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, or flight attitude instrument system.
(c) Except for an airplane that has ice protection provisions that meet the
requirements in section 34 of Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 23, or
those for transport category airplane type certification, no pilot may fly an
airplane into known or forecast severe icing conditions.
(d) If current weather reports and briefing information relied upon by the
pilot in command indicate that the forecast icing conditions that would
otherwise prohibit the flight will not be encountered during the flight
because of changed weather conditions since the forecast, the restrictions in
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section based on forecast conditions do not
apply.
Sec. 91.533 Flight attendant requirements.
(a) No person may operate an airplane unless at least the following number
of flight attendants are on board the airplane:
(1) For airplanes having more than 19 but less than 51 passengers on board,
one flight attendant.
(2) For airplanes having more than 50 but less than 101 passengers on
board, two flight attendants.
(3) For airplanes having more than 100 passengers on board, two flight
attendants plus one additional flight attendant for each unit (or part of a
unit) of 50 passengers above 100.
(b) No person may serve as a flight attendant on an airplane when required
by paragraph (a) of this section unless that person has demonstrated to the
pilot in command familiarity with the necessary functions to be performed in
an emergency or a situation requiring emergency evacuation and is capable of
using the emergency equipment installed on that airplane.
Sec. 91.535 Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment
during aircraft movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing.
(a) No operator may move an aircraft on the surface, take off, or land when
any food, beverage, or tableware furnished by the operator is located at any
passenger seat.
(b) No operator may move an aircraft on the surface, take off, or land
unless each food and beverage tray and seat back tray table is secured in its
stowed position.
(c) No operator may permit an aircraft to move on the surface, take off, or
land unless each passenger serving cart is secured in its stowed position.
(d) No operator may permit an aircraft to move on the surface, take off, or
land unless each movie screen that extends into the aisle is stowed.
(e) Each passenger shall comply with instructions given by a crewmember
with regard to compliance with this section.
[Amdt. 91-231, 57 FR 42672, Sept. 15, 1992]
Secs. 91.536--91.599 [Reserved]
Sec. 91.702 Persons on board.
Section 91.11 of this part (Prohibitions on interference with crewmembers)
applies to each person on board an aircraft.
[Amdt. 91-257, 64 FR 1079, Jan. 7, 1998; 64 FR 7066, Feb. 12, 1999]
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